--- title: "STR Tax Glossary | STR Loophole" description: "Plain-English definitions for short-term rental tax terms: passive activity, material participation, cost segregation, bonus depreciation, and more." lang: en json-ld: | [ { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "name": "STR Loophole", "url": "https://strhours.com", "logo": "https://strhours.com/logo.png", "email": "hello@strhours.com", "description": "Track your STR hours, prove Material Participation, qualify for the short-term rental tax loophole, and offset W-2 income with real estate losses.", "sameAs": [ "https://apps.apple.com/app/id6759050584", "https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.agentsinvest.strloophole" ], "contactPoint": { "@type": "ContactPoint", "email": "hello@strhours.com", "contactType": "customer support" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "SoftwareApplication", "name": "STR Loophole", "url": "https://strhours.com", "applicationCategory": "FinanceApplication", "operatingSystem": "iOS, Android", "description": "Track your STR hours, prove Material Participation, qualify for the short-term rental tax loophole, and offset W-2 income with real estate losses. 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[](/) 2. Glossary 25+ Essential Terms # STR Tax Glossary Master the vocabulary of short-term rental tax strategies. From material participation to cost segregation, understand every term you'll encounter. [1](#letter-1)[5](#letter-5)[A](#letter-A)[B](#letter-B)[C](#letter-C)[D](#letter-D)[L](#letter-L)[M](#letter-M)[P](#letter-P)[Q](#letter-Q)[R](#letter-R)[S](#letter-S)[T](#letter-T)[W](#letter-W) ## 1 ### 100-Hour Test One of seven IRS tests for material participation. The taxpayer must participate more than 100 hours during the year AND no other individual (including employees or contractors) participates more hours. This is the most common test used for STR loophole qualification. Related: [Material Participation](#material-participation)[STR Loophole](#str-loophole)[500-Hour Test](#500-hour-test) ### 1031 Exchange A tax-deferral strategy (IRC Section 1031) allowing investors to sell investment property and reinvest proceeds into 'like-kind' property while deferring capital gains taxes. Strict timelines apply: 45 days to identify replacement properties and 180 days to close. Related: [Capital Gains](#capital-gains)[Like-Kind Property](#like-kind-property)[Qualified Intermediary](#qualified-intermediary) [STR Loophole vs 1031 Exchange](/str-loophole-vs-1031-exchange) ## 5 ### 500-Hour Test The primary IRS material participation test requiring 500+ hours of participation in an activity during the tax year. While not required for the STR loophole (the 100-hour test suffices), meeting 500 hours provides stronger audit protection. Related: [Material Participation](#material-participation)[100-Hour Test](#100-hour-test)[STR Loophole](#str-loophole) ## A ### Active Income Income from wages, salaries, tips, and business activities where the taxpayer materially participates. Unlike passive income, active income cannot typically be offset by passive losses—unless strategies like the STR loophole reclassify the loss. Related: [Passive Activity](#passive-activity)[W-2 Income](#w2-income)[Material Participation](#material-participation) ### Average Guest Stay The mean length of all guest stays at a rental property during the tax year. For STR loophole qualification, this average must be 7 days or less. Properties with longer average stays are treated as traditional rentals subject to passive activity rules. Related: [STR Loophole](#str-loophole)Short-Term Rental [Passive Activity](#passive-activity) ## B ### Bonus Depreciation A tax incentive allowing businesses to immediately deduct a percentage of the purchase price of eligible assets. As of 2026, bonus depreciation is 40% (down from 100% in 2022). This phases down 20% annually until 2027. When applied to cost segregation studies, it can generate six-figure deductions in year one. Related: [Cost Segregation](#cost-segregation)[Depreciation](#depreciation)[TCJA](#tcja) [2026 STR Loophole Updates](/str-loophole-2026) ## C ### Capital Gains Profit from selling an asset for more than its purchase price. Long-term capital gains (assets held 1+ years) are taxed at preferential rates of 0%, 15%, or 20%. Short-term gains are taxed as ordinary income. 1031 exchanges defer these taxes. Related: [1031 Exchange](#1031-exchange)[Depreciation Recapture](#depreciation-recapture)[Tax Basis](#tax-basis) ### Cost Segregation An engineering-based tax strategy that accelerates depreciation deductions by identifying building components that can be depreciated over 5, 7, or 15 years instead of the standard 27.5 or 39 years. When combined with bonus depreciation, this can generate massive first-year deductions. Related: [Bonus Depreciation](#bonus-depreciation)[Depreciation](#depreciation)Accelerated Depreciation [STR Loophole vs Cost Segregation](/str-loophole-vs-cost-segregation) ## D ### Depreciation A tax deduction that spreads the cost of a property over its useful life. Residential rental properties are depreciated over 27.5 years, while commercial properties use 39 years. This 'paper loss' reduces taxable income without requiring actual cash outlay. Related: [Cost Segregation](#cost-segregation)[Bonus Depreciation](#bonus-depreciation)[MACRS](#macrs) ### Depreciation Recapture When selling property, previously claimed depreciation is 'recaptured' and taxed at 25%. This applies even if the property sells for less than the original purchase price. Cost segregation and bonus depreciation increase recapture exposure. Related: [Depreciation](#depreciation)[Capital Gains](#capital-gains)[Tax Basis](#tax-basis) ## L ### Like-Kind Property For 1031 exchanges, properties of the same nature or character. Real estate is broadly like-kind to other real estate—a rental home can be exchanged for an apartment building, land, or commercial property. Personal residences don't qualify. Related: [1031 Exchange](#1031-exchange)[Qualified Intermediary](#qualified-intermediary)[Capital Gains](#capital-gains) ## M ### MACRS Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System—the IRS depreciation method for most business assets. Residential rental property uses 27.5-year straight-line MACRS, while cost segregation identifies components eligible for 5, 7, or 15-year MACRS schedules. Related: [Depreciation](#depreciation)[Cost Segregation](#cost-segregation)Useful Life ### Material Participation An IRS standard requiring taxpayers to be 'regularly, continuously, and substantially' involved in a business activity. For short-term rentals, this typically means spending more than 100 hours annually on the property AND more time than anyone else (including property managers). Meeting this test is essential for qualifying for the STR loophole. Related: [STR Loophole](#str-loophole)[Passive Activity](#passive-activity)[100-Hour Test](#100-hour-test) [Activities That Count for Material Participation](/blog/what-activities-count-str-material-participation)[Hours Requirement Guide](/blog/how-many-hours-str-loophole) ## P ### Passive Activity Income-generating activities in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. Under IRS rules, losses from passive activities can only offset passive income, not active income like W-2 wages. Most rental real estate is considered passive by default, but short-term rentals can escape this classification. Related: [Passive Activity Loss Rules](#passive-activity-loss-rules)[Material Participation](#material-participation)[Active Income](#active-income) ### Passive Activity Loss Rules IRS regulations (IRC Section 469) that limit the deductibility of losses from passive activities. These rules prevent taxpayers from using rental losses to offset wages or business income unless they qualify as real estate professionals or meet specific exceptions like the STR loophole. Related: [Passive Activity](#passive-activity)Real Estate Professional Status [STR Loophole](#str-loophole) ## Q ### QBI Deduction The Qualified Business Income deduction (Section 199A) allows eligible self-employed taxpayers and pass-through business owners to deduct up to 20% of qualified business income. Rental income may qualify depending on safe harbor requirements. Related: [TCJA](#tcja)Pass-Through Entity Self-Employment ### Qualified Intermediary A third party who facilitates 1031 exchanges by holding sale proceeds and ensuring compliance with IRS rules. Using a QI is required—taxpayers cannot touch the funds directly or the exchange is disqualified. Related: [1031 Exchange](#1031-exchange)[Like-Kind Property](#like-kind-property)Deferred Exchange ## R ### Real Estate Professional Status (REPS) An IRS designation requiring 750+ hours annually in real estate activities AND more than half of personal services in real estate trades. REPS allows unlimited rental losses to offset other income. It's harder to qualify for than the STR loophole but has no property-type restrictions. Related: [Material Participation](#material-participation)[STR Loophole](#str-loophole)[Passive Activity](#passive-activity) [STR Loophole vs REPS Comparison](/blog/str-loophole-vs-reps) ## S ### Safe Harbor IRS guidance providing certainty that a position will be accepted. For rentals, the 250-hour safe harbor allows landlords to claim QBI deduction without proving the rental rises to a 'trade or business' level. Separate safe harbors exist for other tax positions. Related: [QBI Deduction](#qbi-deduction)[Material Participation](#material-participation)IRS Audit ### Short-Term Rental (STR) A furnished property rented for short periods, typically less than 30 days. Platforms like Airbnb and VRBO dominate this market. For tax purposes, STRs with average stays of 7 days or less receive special treatment under IRS passive activity rules. Related: [STR Loophole](#str-loophole)[Average Guest Stay](#average-guest-stay)Vacation Rental ### STR Loophole A tax strategy that allows short-term rental property owners to classify their rental income as non-passive, enabling them to use depreciation and other losses to offset W-2 or active business income. This is possible because the IRS treats rentals with average guest stays of 7 days or less differently than traditional long-term rentals. Related: [Material Participation](#material-participation)[Passive Activity](#passive-activity)[Cost Segregation](#cost-segregation) [Complete STR Loophole Guide](/str-loophole)[Tax Savings Calculator](/calculator) ## T ### Tax Basis The original cost of property for tax purposes, adjusted for improvements, depreciation, and other factors. Basis determines gain or loss when selling. Depreciation reduces basis, increasing future taxable gain. Related: [Capital Gains](#capital-gains)[Depreciation](#depreciation)[Depreciation Recapture](#depreciation-recapture) ### TCJA The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017—the most significant tax reform in decades. TCJA introduced 100% bonus depreciation (now phasing out) and modified many provisions affecting real estate investors. Many TCJA provisions expire after 2025. Related: [Bonus Depreciation](#bonus-depreciation)[QBI Deduction](#qbi-deduction)Tax Reform ## W ### W-2 Income Wages and salaries reported on IRS Form W-2, representing employment income. W-2 earners often face the highest effective tax rates and benefit most from strategies like the STR loophole that can offset this income with real estate losses. Related: [Active Income](#active-income)[STR Loophole](#str-loophole)Tax Bracket ## Ready to Apply These Concepts? Calculate your potential tax savings using the STR loophole strategy. [Try the Calculator](/calculator) [![STR Loophole](/_next/static/media/logo.2db75674.png)](/) Track your hours. Qualify for the loophole. 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